Which of the following is used to indicate statistical significance?

The p-value is used to indicate statistical significance in research studies. It quantifies the probability of obtaining the observed results, or something more extreme, purely by chance if the null hypothesis is true. A commonly accepted threshold for statistical significance is a p-value of less than 0.05, which implies that there is less than a 5% probability that the results were due to random chance. Therefore, if the p-value falls below this threshold, researchers often conclude that there is sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis, indicating that the observed effect is statistically significant.

In contrast, factors such as study size, the number of endpoints, and beta value do not directly measure statistical significance. The study size can influence the power of a study and the ability to detect an effect if one exists, but it is not a measure of significance in itself. The number of endpoints refers to the multiple outcomes assessed in a study and may introduce complexities regarding multiple testing but is not a direct indicator of significance. Beta value relates to the probability of making a Type II error (failing to detect an effect when one exists) and is used for assessing power, not for denoting statistical significance.